Object based image processing

ABSTRACT

A method includes receiving image data corresponding to an image and detecting an object represented within the image. The method further includes selecting a portion of the image data that corresponds to the object and determining object quality values based on the portion of the image data. The method also includes determining an object category corresponding to the object and accessing object category metrics associated with the object category. The method includes performing a comparison of the object quality values to the object category metrics associated with the object category and initiating an action based on the comparison.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally related to object based imageprocessing.

BACKGROUND

Conventional image quality detection mechanisms are either global (e.g.,to assess the quality of an entire image or video) or local (e.g., toassess the quality of a portion of the image or video). When an imageincludes multiple objects, such as a first object (e.g., a chair) thatis blurry and a second object (e.g., a person) that is clear, theconventional image quality detection mechanisms are unable to accountfor differences in image quality of the different objects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an image processing systemto perform image processing based on an object category;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment to illustrate operation ofthe image processing system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system to generateobject descriptors associated with visual quality;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system that isconfigured to communicate content to a device;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method to perform objectbased image processing; and

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an illustrative embodiment of a generalcomputer system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Image quality assessment of an image may be performed on anobject-by-object basis for individual objects within the image, asdescribed further herein. For example, a quality assessment of the imagemay be based on representations of known-object descriptors of visualquality (e.g., learned object-based quality descriptors). An object maybe a single physical entity (e.g., a person, a car, etc.), or the objectmay be a set of physical entities (e.g., the background of a scene).Performing image quality assessment of an image on an object-by-objectbasis may improve assessment (and/or correction) of image quality of theimage.

Object-by-object image quality assessment may be performed by an imageprocessing device, such as a camera, a media display device, etc. Theimage processing device may receive image data corresponding to an imageand may detect an object that is represented within the image. Forexample, the image processing device may use a segmentation process toidentify boundary pixels of the object within the image data. The imageprocessing device may determine (e.g., identify) an object categorycorresponding to the object. The image processing device may also selecta portion of the image data, such as a set of pixels, that correspondsto the object.

The image processing device may access object category metrics based onthe object category of the object. The object category metrics mayinclude a sharpness metric, a blurriness metric, a low-lighting metric,a texture metric, a color metric, a smoothness metric (or blockinessmetric), one or more other metrics, or a combination thereof, In someembodiments, the object category metrics may include, for example,quality coefficients associated with the object category. To illustrate,the image processing device may access a collection of metrics that isindexed using different object categories. The image processing devicemay also determine quality values (e.g., a sharpness value, a blurrinessvalue, particular quality coefficients, etc.) based on the portion ofthe image data corresponding to the object. The image processing devicemay compare the quality values (based on the portion) to the objectcategory metrics (e.g., learned original quality coefficients thatdefine the object) associated with the object category.

The image processing device may generate an output (e.g., initiate anaction) based on the comparison of the quality values of the portion ofthe image data (corresponding to the object) and the quality values ofthe object category metrics. For example, the image processing devicemay generate an output that modifies parameters associated with imageprocessing of the image. Additionally or alternatively, the imageprocessing device may generate (based on the comparison) an output thatmodifies image data corresponding to the object. Additionally oralternatively, the image processing device may provide a notificationbased on a result of the comparison.

In a particular embodiment, a method includes receiving image datacorresponding to an image and detecting an object represented within theimage. The method further includes selecting a portion of the image datathat corresponds to the object and determining object quality valuesbased on the portion of the image data. The method also includesdetermining an object category corresponding to the object and accessingobject category metrics associated with the object category. The methodincludes performing a comparison of the object quality values to theobject category metrics associated with the object category andinitiating an action based on the comparison.

In another particular embodiment, a system includes a processor and amemory accessible to the processor. The memory includes instructionsthat, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to executeoperations including receiving image data corresponding to an image anddetecting an object represented within the image. The operations furtherinclude selecting a portion of the image data that corresponds to theobject and determining object quality values based on the portion of theimage data. The operations also include determining an object categorycorresponding to the object and accessing object category metricsassociated with the object category. The operations include performing acomparison of the object quality values to the object category metricsassociated with the object category and initiating an action based onthe comparison.

In another particular embodiment, a computer-readable storage devicecomprising instructions executable by a processor to perform operationsinclude receiving image data corresponding to an image and detecting anobject represented within the image. The operations further includeselecting a portion of the image data that corresponds to the object anddetermining object quality values based on the portion of the imagedata. The operations also include determining an object categorycorresponding to the object and accessing object category metricsassociated with the object category. The operations include performing acomparison of the object quality values to the object category metricsassociated with the object category and initiating an action based onthe comparison.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a particular embodiment of a system 100 toperform image processing based on an object category of an object. Thesystem 100 may include an image processing system 102 that is configuredto receive image data 110. The image data 110 may be associated with animage, such as a single image, a frame of a video, or a sequence ofvideo frames. The image processing system 102 may include or correspondto an image quality detection system that is configured to assess aquality of an image on an object-by-object basis for individual objectswithin the image. For example, the image processing system 102 may beconfigured to use known representations of object visual qualitydescriptors (e.g., learned object-based quality descriptors) todetermine an image quality of an object within the image, as describedfurther herein. The image processing system 102 may be included in orcorrespond to an image processing device, such as a camera, a mediaserver, customer premises equipment, a media display device, a mobilecommunication device, a computer, or other device.

The image processing system 102 may include a processor 120, a memory130, and a comparator 142. The processor 120 may be configured toreceive image data 110. Although the processor 120 is illustrated as asingle processor, in some embodiments the processor 120 may includemultiple processors. For example, the processor 120 may be a singleprocessor or multiple processors, such as a digital signal processor(DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processing unit(GPU), or a combination thereof.

The image data 110 may correspond to an image. The image may include atwo-dimensional image or a three-dimensional image. In some embodiments,the image may be associated with or correspond to a frame of a video.The image may include a representation of an object or multiple objects.An object may be a single physical entity (e.g., a person, a car, etc.)or a set of physical entities (e.g., a background of a scene). In someembodiments, an object may include or be made of multiple sub-objects,such a head of a person which includes eyes, a nose, a mouth, hair, etc.

The memory 130 may be accessible to the processor 120 and may store dataincluding settings, media content (e.g., the image data 110), and otherinformation. For example, the memory 130 may store data, such as anobject category repository 138 that includes object category metrics 140(e.g., object image metrics). The object category repository 138 may beindexed using different object categories (e.g., object types), whereeach object category corresponds to different object category metrics140. For example, the object category repository 138 may include metricsfor each of a number of objects that may be included in an image and maydefine an acceptable quality image of the object. For a particularobject category, the object category metrics 140 may include acollection of metrics, such as known representations of object visualquality descriptors (e.g., learned object-based quality descriptors).Metrics for a particular object category may be accessed (and/orretrieved) based on identification of the particular object category.For the particular object category associated with the object categorymetrics 140, the object category metrics 140 may include a sharpnessmetric, a blurriness metric, a low-lighting metric, a texture metric, acolor metric, a smoothness metric (or blockiness metric), one or moreother metrics, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the objectcategory metrics may include, for example, quality coefficientsassociated with the object category. The object category metrics 140 maybe generated by a learning system, such as a learning system that isdistinct from the image processing system 102, as described withreference to FIG. 3.

An example of the object category metrics 140 for a particular objectcategory is depicted as table 170. A row 172 of the table includesfeature/patch identifiers numbered 1-N (where N is a positive integergreater than one) that are included in columns 174. Each of theidentifiers 1-N may correspond to a patch of a “basis” representation180 of the particular object. The basis representation 180 may includecolumns 182 where each column represents a “patch” of an objectassociated with the particular object category. Thus, the particularobject category may be represented by a single patch or of multiplepatches of the basis representation. When the representation of theparticular object category is composed of multiple patches, each patchmay be associated with a corresponding coefficient (e.g., a weightedvalue). In a particular embodiment, each patch of the basisrepresentation 180 is identified during a learning process using atraining set of image, such as a set of good and/or high quality images.In another particular embodiment, the patches included in the basisrepresentation 180 are identified during a learning processing using avariety of quality images (e.g., good quality, high quality, sharpquality, blurry quality, blocky quality, etc.).

Referring to the table 170, the table 170 includes rows 176 (e.g.,entries) that indicate different visual qualities of the particularobject category. Each entry includes coefficient values that may beapplied to the patches (e.g., the columns) of the basis representation180. For example, the “sharp” entry (e.g., a sharpness metric) includesa first coefficient value of 0.5 that corresponds to patch id 1, asecond coefficient value of 3.0 that corresponds to patch id 2, a thirdcoefficient value of 1.1 that correspond to patch id 3, a fourthcoefficient value of 0.5 that corresponds to patch id 4, and an nthcoefficient value of 0.0 that corresponds to patch id N. As anotherexample, the “blurry” entry includes a first coefficient value of 0.4that corresponds to patch id 1, a second coefficient value of 3.0 thatcorresponds to patch id 2, a third coefficient value of 2.0 thatcorrespond to patch id 3, a fourth coefficient value of −3.1 thatcorresponds to patch id 4, and an nth coefficient value of 0.1 thatcorresponds to patch id N. As another example, the “low-lighting” entryincludes a first coefficient value of 0.5 that corresponds to patch id1, a second coefficient value of 3.0 that corresponds to patch id 2, athird coefficient value of 5.0 that correspond to patch id 3, a fourthcoefficient value of 6.7 that corresponds to patch id 4, and an nthcoefficient value of −1.2 that corresponds to patch id N. Although thecoefficient values are described as each having a single value, in someembodiments at least one of the coefficient values of an entry mayinclude a range of coefficient values.

The data stored in the memory 130 may also include instructionsexecutable by the processor 120 to perform operations. For purposes ofdescription, instructions for the processor 120 are illustrated in FIG.1 as organized in functional modules. For example, the memory 130 mayinclude an object detection module 132, an object sample module 134, anda result/action module 136, as illustrative, non-limiting examples. Insome implementations, one or more of the modules stored in the memory130, such as the object detection module 132, the object sample module134, and/or the result/action module 136, may be loaded from the memory130 into the processor 120 and may be executed by the processor 120.Although the memory 130 is illustrated as a single memory, in someembodiments the memory 130 may include multiple memories.

The object detection module 132 may be executed by the processor 120 todetect an object or multiple objects based on the image data 110. Theobject or the multiple objects may be included within (e.g., representedby) an image that corresponds to the image data 110. To detect anobject, the processor 120 may be configured to perform a segmentationoperation, a filtering operation, a line detection operation, an edgedetection operation, or a combination thereof, on the image data 110.For example, after receiving the image data 110, the processor 120 mayperform a segmentation process to identify boundary pixels of the objectwithin the image data 110. In addition to detecting the object, theprocessor 120 may be configured to process the image data 110 toidentify an object type (e.g., an object category 112) of the object. Toillustrate, the object category 112 may be a face category, a carcategory, a chair category, a tree category, etc. The processor 120 maybe configured to access the object category metrics 140 based on theobject category 112. In some embodiments, the processor 120 may send theobject category 112 to the memory 130 to cause the memory 130 to provideobject category metric data (e.g., the object category metrics 140corresponding to the object category 112) to the comparator 142.

In some embodiments, detecting the object and identifying the objectcategory 112 may be performed concurrently. For example, an object thatis detected by a face detection process may be inferred to belong to aface object category (e.g., a face object type) without furtheranalysis. In other embodiments, detecting the object and identifying theobject category 112 may be performed separately. For example, an edgedetection analysis may be used to determine boundaries of an object, andproperties of the object that can be determined from the image data 110,such as the object's shape, color, position within the image relative toother objects, etc., may be used to determine an object category (e.g.,an object type) of the object.

The object sample module 134 may be executed by the processor 120 toselect a portion of the image data 110, such as a set of pixels, thatcorresponds to the object. The image processing system 102 may alsodetermine object quality values 114 (e.g., a sharpness value, ablurriness value, particular quality coefficients, etc.) based theportion of the image data corresponding to the object. The processor 120may send the object quality values 114 to the comparator 142.

In some embodiments, the processor 120 may generate the object qualityvalues 114 that include quality coefficients that correspond to thebasis representation 180. For example, the processor 120 may beconfigured to deconstruct (e.g., decompose) the portion of the imagedata 110 based on the patches 1-N included in the basis representation180 and to assign, based on the portion of the image data 110,coefficient values to each patch of the basis representation 180.

The comparator 142 may be configured to compare the object qualityvalues 114 (based on the portion) to the object category metrics 140(e.g., known representations of object visual quality descriptors)associated with the object category 112. For example, the objectcategory metrics 140 may include threshold values or threshold rangesand the comparator 142 may determine whether the object quality values(based on the portion) satisfy the threshold values or threshold ranges.Thus, the object category metrics 140 may be used as a reference todetermine a quality of the portion (that corresponds to and isrepresentative of the object). Based on the comparison, the comparator142 may generate a result 116 that indicates whether the representationof the object within the image is a good quality, a low quality, a highquality, etc. The result 116 may include an outcome of the comparison,the object category metrics 140, or a combination thereof. The result116 may be provided to the processor 120.

The comparator 142 may be embodied in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. Although illustrated separate from the processor120, in some embodiments the comparator 142 may be included in or bepart of the processor 120. In other embodiments, the processor 120 maybe configured to perform operations described herein with reference tothe comparator 142.

The result/action module 136 may be executed by the processor 120 todetermine an action 118 based on the result 116. The action 118 may beoutput (to another device or to another component that includes theimage processing system 102) by the processor 120 and/or may be executedby the processor 120. For example, the action 118 may be associated withthe image data 110. To illustrate, when the result 116 indicates that animage quality associated with the object is acceptable, the imageprocessing system 102 may determine that an image quality of the objectwithin the image is acceptable and may determine to maintain one or moresettings, parameters, and/or image data values. Accordingly, the action118 may include generating an indication that the image quality of theobject is acceptable.

As another example, the action 118 may be associated with modifyingparameters or settings associated with the image (e.g., the image data110). To illustrate, when a quality of the object within the image isdetermined to be a low quality based on the comparison, an imageresolution parameter and/or a frame rate parameter of an image capturedevice that generated the image data 110 may be changed (e.g.,increased) to generate a higher quality image. Other parameters that maybe adjusted include an encoding parameter (e.g., a compressionparameter), a bandwidth parameter, a bitrate parameter, an image capturedevice mode parameter, or a combination thereof.

Additionally or alternatively, the action 118 may be associated withmodifying the image data 110 corresponding to the object. To illustrate,when the portion of the image data 110 corresponding to the object isdetermined to be at a low quality based on the comparison, one or morepixel values associated with the object may be changed to improve aquality of the representation of the object.

Additionally or alternatively, the action 118 may be associated withproviding a notification based on the result 116 of the comparison. Toillustrate, if the comparison indicates that a quality of therepresentation of the object is significantly different than expected,the processor 120 may provide an indication (e.g., to a control deviceor to a user via a display that is coupled to the processor 120) thatthe image may have been altered. For example, when the portion of theimage data 110 corresponding to the object is determined be a very highquality (e.g., uniform color and/or texture, well lit, etc.), theprocessor 120 may initiate the action 118 to generate a notification(e.g., a message) indicating that the image may have been previouslyaltered or tampered with prior to the image processing device receivingthe image data 110.

During operation, the image processing system 102 (or the processor 120)may receive the image data 110 corresponding to an image. Based on theimage data 110, the processor 120 may be configured to detect an objectrepresented within the image and may determine the object category 112corresponding to the object. The processor 120 may further be configuredto provide an indication of the object category 112 to the memory 130 toretrieve the object category metrics 140 associated with the objectcategory 112. The object category metrics 140 corresponding to theobject category 112 may be provided to and/or received by the comparator142.

In addition to determining the object category 112 of the detectedobject, the processor 120 may be configured select a portion (e.g., asample) of the image data 110 that corresponds to the object. Based onthe portion, the processor 120 may be configured to determine objectquality values 114 associated with the object. The object quality values114 may be representative of an image quality of an entirety of theobject. In some embodiments, the processor 120 may be configured toselect multiple portions of the image data 110 that correspond to theobject and to determine object quality values 114 for each portion or todetermine a single set of object quality values, such as an average setof object quality values, based on the multiple portions. The objectquality values 114 may be received by the comparator 142.

The comparator 142 may be configured to perform a comparison of theobject quality values 114 to the object category metrics 140 associatedwith the object category 112. Based on the comparison, the comparator142 may be configured to generate the result 116 that indicates aquality of the object represented within the image. For example, theresults 116 of the comparison may indicate that the object qualityvalues 114 of the portion are blurry. The result 116 may be received bythe processor 120.

Based on the result 116, the processor 120 may be configured to initiatethe action 118. For example, when the result 116 indicates that theobject quality values 114 of the portion (associated with the object)are blurry, the action 118 may be associated with modifying the imagedata 110 corresponding to the object to improve (e.g., sharpen) arepresentation of the object within the image. In some embodiments, theprocessor 120 may be configured to implement the action 118 and toprovide an output, such as modified image data, corresponding to theexecuted action 118.

In a particular embodiment, the image processing system 102 may beincluded in a camera device that includes a camera configured togenerate the image data 110. The camera may include multiple imagecapture settings, such as a portrait setting, an action setting, afireworks setting, etc., as illustrative, non-limiting examples. Thecamera may capture an image of a scene while the camera is set to aparticular image capture setting and may generate the image data 110based on the captured image. The image processing system 102 may beaware of (e.g., informed of) the particular image capture setting. Forexample, when the particular image capture setting is the portraitsetting, the image processing system 102 may receive an input indicatingthat the camera is configured in the portrait setting. Accordingly, theimage processing system 102 may access the object category metrics 140from the object category repository 138 that are likely to be used withthe portrait setting, such as face object category metrics, eyes objectcategory metrics, hair object category metrics, etc.

Responsive to receiving the image data 110, the image processing system102 may make a determination of a quality of a representation of one ormore objects based on the image data 110. In particular, the imageprocessing system 102 may identify a particular object based on theparticular image capture setting and provide a notification as to thequality of the particular object. For example, when the particular imagecapture setting is the portrait setting, the image processing system 102may identify a person (e.g., a face) based on the image data 110 andinitiate a notification that indicates a quality of the representationof the person within the captured image. To illustrate, the notificationmay indicate that the image of the person is a high quality image.Alternatively, the notification may indicate that the image of theperson is poor quality (e.g., blurry or low-lit). Additionally oralternatively, the notification may suggest an alternate image capturesetting that may provide a better quality image of the person. In someembodiments, the image processing system 102 may adjust the imagecapture settings of the camera and prompt a user of the camera tocapture another image using the adjusted settings. For example, theimage processing system 102 may be configured to automatically adjustthe image capture setting or may request permission from the user toadjust the image capture settings.

In another particular embodiment, the image processing system 102 may beconfigured to receive an input that indicates a desired visual qualityof a particular object category. For example, the input may be receivedat the processor 120 and may indicate that objects associated with atree object category are to appear blurry in an image (or video). Asanother example, the input may indicate that objects associated with aface object category are to appear well-lit within an image (or video).Accordingly, when the processor 120 receives the result 116 thatindicates a quality of a representation of an object that is included inthe particular object category, the processor 120 may determine whetherthe quality is the same as the desired visual quality indicated by theuser input. If the quality is the same as the visual quality indicatedby the user input, the processor 120 may generate the action 118 thatindicates that the quality of the object is acceptable. If the qualityof the representation of the object is different than the desired visualquality indicated by the user input, the processor 120 may initiate theaction 118 to modify the image data 110 that corresponds to the objectto generate the desired visual quality indicated by the user input. Forexample, the processor 120 may identify coefficient values thatcorrespond to the desired visual quality indicated by the user input andmay cause the image data 110 corresponding to the object to beregenerated or modified based on the identified coefficient values.

In some embodiments, the user input may indicate (e.g., define) aminimum visual quality or multiple acceptable visual qualities.Accordingly, the image processing system 102 may determine whether aquality of an object within an image meets (e.g., satisfies) the minimumvisual quality or has one of the multiple acceptable visual qualities.If the quality of the representation of the object is acceptable, theprocessor 120 may generate the action 118 to indicate that the qualityof the representation of the object is acceptable. If the quality of therepresentation of the object does not meet the minimum visual quality,the processor 120 may generate the action 118 to modify the image data110 corresponding to the object to meet the minimum visual qualityand/or may generate the action 118 to include a notification indicatingthat the minimum visual quality is not satisfied. If the quality of theobject is not one of the multiple acceptable visual qualities, theprocessor 120 may generate the action 118 to include a notification thatthe quality of the representation of the object does not meet (e.g.,does not satisfy) the desired multiple acceptable visual qualities.

In a particular embodiment, the image processing system 102 may beconfigured to identify when an image (or a representation of an objectwithin the image) has been tampered with, such as when visualcharacteristics (e.g., a quality) of the image have been previouslyaltered. To illustrate, the object category metrics 140 may define agood quality for a particular object category. When a particular result116 is generated for an object and indicates that the representation ofthe object is a high quality image, the processor 120 may determine thatthe visual quality is higher than expected (e.g., based on a visualquality associated with the portion of the image) and may generate anotification that indicates that the image may have been previouslymodified. For example, when a good quality for a particular objectcategory indicates that an object should have a textured quality (e.g.,a textured appearance), the processor 120 may generate a notificationthat the image including the object was previously altered when theresult 116 indicates that the visual quality of the object is smooth.

In a particular embodiment, the image processing system 102 maydetermine a quality of a representation of an object within an imagebased on identification of an object category associated with the objectand based on at least one other object within the image that is of thesame object category or a different object category. To illustrate, theobject category repository 138 may cross-reference object categorymetrics for different object categories. For example, a hair objectcategory may be cross-referenced with a face object category. As anotherexample, a chair object category may be cross-reference with a personobject category. Cross-referencing different object category metrics mayprovide an indication of how objects from different object categoriesare expected to appear when they are in the same image. For example, anacceptable visual quality of a person positioned away from a chair maybe a higher visual quality than a person next to or on a chair. Asanother example, the person positioned away from that chair may have arange of acceptable visual qualities that is smaller than a range ofacceptable visual qualities of the person next to or on the chair. Insome embodiments, the acceptable visual qualities of a particular objectcategory may be different based on whether multiple objects of aparticular object category are identified within an image. For example,a single person detected within an image may have a range of acceptablevisual qualities that is smaller than a range of acceptable visualqualities when multiple people are detected within the image.

In some implementations, when the image data 110 corresponds to asequence of video frames, the system 100 may maintain quality metricsdata for objects that have appeared in one or more video frames of thesequence of video frames. When a particular frame of the sequence ofvideo frames is received (e.g., the particular frame being receivedsubsequent to the one or more video frames), the system 100 may comparethe quality metrics data to corresponding quality metrics data in theparticular frame. Based on the comparison, the system 100 may identifythe onset of tampering or altering of a video, or the onset of objectquality degradation due to motion blur.

Additionally or alternatively, when the image data 110 includesthree-dimensional (3D) image or video data, the system 100 may be ableto determine whether or not a particular 3D object is artificiallyplaced within the image and may provide a notification when the imagewas altered to include the 3D object. In some implementations, thesystem 100 may be configured to modify an appearance of the 3D object tomake the 3D object appear more natural within a scene. To illustrate,the 3D object may be modified and/or adjusted responsive to the action118.

By detecting and identifying different objects represented within theimage, the image processing system 102 may be able to performobject-by-object based quality assessment of the image. For example, theimage processing system 102 may determine a quality of individualobjects represented within the image and may advantageously initiate(and/or) perform actions directed to individual objects as opposed toperforming actions to an image as a whole. Accordingly, actions directedtowards a particular object represented within the image may not alter(e.g., have a negative impact on) a quality of other objects representedwithin the image. Additionally, by indexing the object categoryrepository 138 by object categories, the image processing system 102 maybe able to access particular objects category metrics to be used as areference for an object based on an object category of the object.Accordingly, the image processing system 102 may make a determination asto a quality of a representation of the object within an image based onthe particular object category metrics that are associated with theobject category.

Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram to illustrate operation of theimage processing system 102 of FIG. 1 is depicted and generallydesignated 200. For example, FIG. 2 is illustrative of the imageprocessing system 102 detecting multiple objects represented within animage data (e.g., an image 210) and determining an image quality resultfor each object.

The image 210 may correspond to image data, such as the image data 110of FIG. 1, that is received by the image processing system 102. Theimage processing system 102 may detect and identify multiple objectsrepresented within the image 210. For example, the image processingsystem 102 may determine an object category (e.g., an object type), suchas the object category 112 of FIG. 1, for each detected object. Toillustrate, based on the image 210, the image processing system 102 mayidentify a “hair” category, a “chair” category, a “knife” category, a“food” category, and a “face” category. For purposes of describing FIG.2, the hair category may correspond to a first object and the chaircategory may correspond to a second object.

The image processing system 102 may select at least one sample (e.g.,portion) of each detected object. For example, a first portion 220 ofthe hair may be selected, and a second portion 230 of the chair may beselected. The first portion 220 and the second portion 230 may be thesame size sample or they may be different sizes. For each sample, theimage processing system 102 may generate corresponding object qualityvalues, such as the object quality values 114 of FIG. 1. To illustrate,the image processing system 102 (e.g., the processor 120) may generatefirst object quality values 222 based on the first portion 220associated with the hair sample and may generate second object qualityvalues 232 based on the second portion 230 associated with the chairsample.

The image processing system 102 may access object category metrics, suchas the object category metrics 140, for each detected object. For eachobject, corresponding object category metrics may be retrieved based onthe identified object category (e.g., object type) of the object. Toillustrate, first object category metrics 224 (e.g., hair categorymetrics may be accessed for the first object (e.g., the hair), andsecond object category metrics 234 may be access for the second object(e.g., the chair). The first object category metrics 224 may includeknown representations of first object visual quality descriptors (e.g.,learned object-based quality descriptors) that indicate and/or defineacceptable quality metrics for objects having the first object type(e.g., the hair category). The second object category metrics 234 mayinclude known representations of second object visual qualitydescriptors (e.g., learned object-based quality descriptors) thatindicate and/or define acceptable quality metrics for objects having thesecond object type (e.g., the chair category). In a particularembodiment, the first object category metrics 224 are different than thesecond object category metrics 234.

A first comparison 226 may be performed between the first object qualityvalues 222 and the first object category metrics 224. For example, thefirst comparison 226 may be performed by the comparator 142 of FIG. 1.Based on the first comparison 226, a first result 228 may be generatedthat indicates a quality of the first object (e.g., the hair)represented within the image 210.

A second comparison 236 may be performed between the second objectquality values 232 and the second object category metrics 234. Forexample, the second comparison 236 may be performed by the comparator142 of FIG. 1. Based on the second comparison 236, a second result 238may be generated that indicates a quality of the second object (e.g.,the chair) represented within the image 210.

The first result 228 and the second result 238 may be provided to aprocessor 120 of the image processing system 102. The processor 120 maybe configured to determine an action based on the results 228, 238. Forexample, the processor 120 may determine a single action based on theresults 228, 238 or may determine an action for each of the results 228,238. In some embodiments, the processor 120 may determine multipleactions for a particular result. To illustrate, the processor 120 maydetermine a first action(s) associated with modifying parametersassociated capture, storage, and/or display of the image 210, modifyingthe image 210 (e.g., image data) corresponding to the first object,and/or providing a notification based on the result 228 of the firstcomparison 226. Additionally, the processor 120 may determine a secondaction(s) associated with modifying parameters associated capture,storage, and/or display of the image 210, modifying the image 210 (e.g.,image data) corresponding to the second object, and/or providing anotification based on the result 238 of the second comparison 236.

In a particular embodiment, the image processing system 102 initiates afirst action to modify first values of the image 210 associated with thefirst object (e.g., the hair) and/or a second action to modify secondvalues of the image 210 associated with the second object (e.g., thechair). In some embodiments, the image processing system 102 may beconfigured to modify the first values responsive to the first actionand/or to modify the second values responsive to the second action.Based on the first modified values and/or the second modified values,the image processing system 102 may output a second image (e.g., secondimage data) that corresponds to a modified version of the image 210.

In another particular embodiment, the first action is associated withmodifying parameters associated with image processing of the image 210based on the first comparison 226 to generated modified parameters. Theparameters may include or correspond to an image resolution parameter, aframe rate parameter, an encoding parameter, a bandwidth parameter, abitrate parameter, an image capture device mode parameter, or acombination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the second actionmay be associated with modifying second values associated with thesecond object represented within the image 210 data based on the secondcomparison 236. For example, modifying the second values may includemodifying pixel values (e.g., pixel intensity values) corresponding tothe second object (e.g., the chair). Additionally or alternatively, thesecond action may be associated with providing a notification based onthe second result 238. For example, the second result 238 may indicatethat the second object quality values 232 of the second portion 230(e.g., the second sample) were a higher quality than the second objectcategory metrics 234. Based on the second object quality values 232being the higher quality, the notification may indicate that the image210 was previously altered (e.g., that the representation of the chairwithin the image 210 was previously altered).

By detecting and identifying different objects represented within theimage 210, the image processing system 102 may be enabled to performobject-by-object based quality assessment of the image 210. Accordingly,the image processing system 102 may initiate an action directed towardsa particular object, such as the first object (e.g., the hair),represented within the image 210 without altering (e.g., having anegative impact on) a quality of another object, such as the secondobject (e.g., the chair), represented within the image 210. Additionallyor alternatively, the image processing system 102 may initiate an actiondirected towards another particular object, such as the second object(e.g., the chair), represented within the image 210 without altering(e.g., having a negative impact on) a quality of another object, such asthe first object (e.g., the hair), represented within the image 210

Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram of a particular embodiment of asystem 300 to generate object descriptors associated with a visualquality of an object category. The system 300 may include a learningsystem 302 (e.g., a learning device) that is configured to generate abasis representation and/or to generate object descriptors (e.g., knownrepresentations of object visual quality descriptors), such as theobject category metrics 140 of FIG. 1, the first object category metrics224, or the second object category metrics 234 of FIG. 2.

The learning system 302 may include a processor 320 and a memory 330coupled to the processor 320. The processor 320 may be configured toreceive a training set of images 310 and/or a user input 312, asdescribed herein. Although the processor 320 is illustrated as a singleprocessor, in some embodiments the processor 320 may include multipleprocessors. For example, the processor may processor may be a singleprocessor or multiple processors, such as a digital signal processor(DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processing unit(GPU), or a combination thereof.

Training set of images 310 may include multiple images that eachincludes a representation an object having the same objectclassification (e.g., the same object type). For example, the trainingset of images 310 may each include a representation of an object, suchas a chair. In some embodiments, the training set of images 310 mayinclude video data that includes the object. A first training image ofthe training set of images 310 may include a representation of a firstchair, and a second training image of the training set of images 310 mayinclude a representation of a second chair that is distinct from thefirst chair. Each image (e.g., a representation of the object withineach image) of the training set of images 310 may have a same imagequality. For example, the training set of images 310 may be associatedwith sharp images of the object. As another example, the training set ofimages 310 may be associated with blurry images of the object, low-lightimages of the object, bright images of the object, etc. The training setof images 310 having the same image quality associated with the objectmay enable the learning system 302 to learn (e.g., generate) a basisrepresentation and/or object category metrics 340 that correspond to theobject.

The user input 312 may enable an operator (e.g., an administrator or auser) of the learning system 302 to input data, such as parametersand/or settings, to be used by the learning system 302. For example, thedata may identify an object category (e.g., an object classification)associated with the training set of images 310, a quality associatedwith the training set of images, a location of the object within eachimage of the training set of images 310, a number of images included inthe training set of images 310, or a combination thereof. In someimplementations, the user input 312 may be received responsive toparticular images of the training set of images 310. For example, thetraining set of images 310 may include images of objects that havevarying image qualities and the user input 312 may identify imageshaving an acceptable image quality. Accordingly, the user input 312 maybe used by the learning system 302 to generate the object categorymetrics 340.

The memory 330 may be accessible to the processor 320 and may store dataincluding settings, media content, and other information. For example,the memory 330 may store data, such as an object category repository 338(e.g., object category metrics). The object category repository 338 mayinclude or correspond to the object category repository 138 of FIG. 1.The object category repository 338 may be indexed using different objectcategories such that object category metrics 340 may be stored to and/oraccessed from the object category repository 338 based on an identifiedobject category (e.g., an object type). The object category metrics 340included in the object category repository 338 may include a collectionof metrics, such as known representations of object visual qualitydescriptors (e.g., learned object-based quality descriptors).

The object category repository 338 may include basis representationsand/or object category metrics 340 for a number of object categories(e.g., object types). For example, the object category repository 338may include first object category metrics that correspond to a firstobject category and may include second object category metrics thatcorrespond to a second object category. The object category metrics 340may include or correspond to the object category metrics 140, the table170 of FIG. 1, the first object category metrics 224, and/or the secondobject category metrics 234 of FIG. 2, as illustrative, non-limitingexamples.

The data stored in the memory 330 may also include instructionsexecutable by the processor 320 to perform operations. For purposes ofdescription, instructions for the processor 320 are illustrated in FIG.3 as organized in functional modules. For example, the memory 330 mayinclude an object detection module 332, an object sample module 334, andan object category metrics generation module 336, as illustrative,non-limiting examples. In some implementations, one or more of themodules stored in the memory 330, such as the object detection module332, the object sample module 334, and/or the object category metricsgeneration module 336, may be loaded from the memory 1330 into theprocessor 320 and may be executed by the processor 320.

The object detection module 332 may be executed by the processor 320 todetect a representation of an object within each image of the trainingset of images 310. In some embodiments, a location of the representationof the object within each image may be known to the processor 320. Forexample, a user input 312 may identify the location (e.g., an x-ycoordinate) of the representation of the object within each image of thetraining set of images 310. In other embodiments, the user input 312 mayidentify an object to be detected and the processor 320 may execute theobject detection module 332 to detect the identified object in eachimage of the training set of images 310.

The object sample module 334 may be executed by the processor 320 toselect a portion of the representation of the object, such as a sampleof a set of pixels (e.g., a patch) that corresponds to the object. Insome embodiments, the processor 320 may select multiple portions of therepresentation of the object within an image of the training set ofimages 310.

The object category metrics generation module 336 may be executed by theprocessor 320 to generate the object category metrics 340 thatcorrespond to an object associated with the training set of images 310.To illustrate, for each sample selected by the processor 320 whenexecuting the object sample module 334, the processor 320 may executethe object category metrics generation module 336 to generate objectquality values (e.g., a sharpness value, a blurriness value, particularquality coefficients, etc.). For example, when the training set ofimages 310 is associated with a particular object category, the learningsystem 302 may generate a basis representation, such as the basisrepresentation 180 of FIG. 1, and quality coefficients using a process,such as sparse sampling, nearest neighbors, clustering, etc., asdescribed further herein.

To illustrate, for each sample, the processor 320 may decompose (e.g.,deconstruct) the sample into one or more patches and generate qualitycoefficients for each patch. The patches corresponding to each of thesamples associated with the training set of images 310 may collectivelyform the basis representation, such as the basis representation 180 ofFIG. 1. Additionally, the processor 320 may combine the qualitycoefficients determined for each of the samples to generate resultantquality coefficients that characterize a visual quality of an objectcorresponding to a particular quality of the training set of images 310.For example, when the training set of images 310 are associated with asharp visual quality of a particular object, the resultant qualitycoefficients (e.g., the object category metrics 340) may be indicativeof a sharp image quality of an object category corresponding to thetraining set of images 310. As another example, when the training set ofimages 310 are associated with a blurry visual quality of the particularobject, the resultant quality coefficients (e.g., object categorymetrics 340) may be indicative of a blurry image quality of an objectcategory corresponding to the training set of images 310. In someembodiments, the processor 320 may combine patches from all of thesamples to generate the basis representation and may combine all of thequality coefficients to generate the resultant quality coefficients. Asanother example, the processor 320 may combine less than all of thepatches and/or the quality coefficients to generate the object categorymetrics 340. In some embodiments, the resultant quality coefficients(e.g., the object category metrics 340 may include a range of valuesthat define a particular image quality.

During operation, the learning system 302 may receive the user input 312that indicates that the learning system 302 is to receive a number ofimages included in the training set of images 310, where each imageincludes an object that has a visual quality. For example, the userinput 312 may indicate that the learning system 302 is to receive thetraining set of images 310 that includes 100 images of cars having asharp image quality.

The learning system 302 may receive the training set of images 310 anddetect a representation of the object within each image of the trainingset of images 310. For each detected object, the processor 320 mayselect a sample of the object. Based on samples selected by theprocessor 320, the processor 320 may generate the object categorymetrics 340 (e.g., a basis representation and/or quality coefficients)that define the visual quality of the object (e.g., the object categorycorresponding to the training set of images 310.

The processor 320 may send the object category metrics to the memory 330to be included in the object category repository 338. The objectcategory repository 338 or the object category metrics 340 may beprovided from the memory 330 of the learning system 302 to a memory ofanother device or system, such as the memory 130 of the image processingsystem 102 of FIG. 1. The object category repository 338 and/or theobject category metrics 340 may enable the other device or system toselect a sample of an object detected in an image and to determine avisual quality of the detected object based on the object categoryrepository 338 and/or the object category metrics 340.

In a particular embodiment, the learning system 302 may be configured togenerate (e.g., populate) the object category repository 338 to enablethe image processing system 102 of FIG. 1 to analyzing quality of imagecontent at an object level. The learning system 302 may be configured toderive one or more object dictionaries (basis) for each object categorybased on one or more training sets of images, such as the training setof images 310. The dictionary (or basis), such as the basisrepresentation 180 of FIG. 1, may provide a generalized representationfor image patches from different instances of objects (e.g., differentmodel cars, different peoples' faces, etc.), thus enabling higherprecision analysis for future, unknown object instances.

The learning system 302 may be configured to create a single dictionarythat is unified across multiple quality conditions, as illustrated bythe table 170 of FIG. 1. For example, a dictionary D may be learnedacross a set of training images Y (e.g., the training set of images310), where the input image patches y need not be synthesized inputsamples across C different quality conditions (blurry, poor lighting,blockiness, etc.). When the dictionary D is unified across multiplequality conditions, a size of the dictionary D may be large enough toaccommodate different quality conditions. Empirically, a single combineddictionary can capture the same information and be smaller than multipleindependent dictionaries because the independent case often containsrepeated representations.

The learning system 302 may use numerical weights (e.g., coefficients orparameters) along with a basis representation (e.g., an objectdictionary) to decompose pixel-based images into the dictionary domain.Object category metrics, such as the object category metrics 140 of FIG.1, the first object category metrics 224, the second object categorymetrics 234 of FIG. 2, or the object category metrics 340 of FIG. 3 mayinclude a representation or encoding for image patches that is uniformfor different quality conditions (herein referred to as a dictionary).

The numerical weights for different quality conditions may be used(e.g., by the image processing system 102 of FIG. 1) to transformcontent, such as a representation of an object within an image, betweendifferent quality conditions (e.g., making something that is “smooth”into something that is “blurry”, herein referred to as a conditiontransform). Additionally, the number weights may be used (e.g., by theimage processing system 102 of FIG. 1) to determine an effectiveness ofa transform (e.g., how well does a “blurry” transform represent acurrent object's condition, herein a distance metric). Additionally,using the numerical weights, an object may be resynthesized afterundergoing transformations in the dictionary domain. To illustrate anobject may be resynthesized by the processor 120 of FIG. 1.

To enable the learning system 302 to generate object category metrics,multiple (possibly overlapping) training sets Y may be defined fordifferent object categories (e.g., different semantic categories). Anobject category (e.g., a semantic object category) may be associatedwith a collection of images that shares a common human-understandabletextual label, such as a “car”, a “chair”, “hair”, “mountains”, etc. Thecombination of multiple categories may be defined as an object lexiconwith L entries. For a particular object category l, a training set Y^(l)may be used generate to generate a dictionary D^(l). In someembodiments, the dictionary D^(l) may be associated with sparse codesx_(i) ^(l), as described herein.

To generate a dictionary D, it may be assumed that an image i isrepresented by a matrix I of pixel values having a width w and a heighth, such as I_(i) ^(w×h). With no loss of generality, this discussionfocuses on a single channel image patch with grayscale pixel values. Avectorized version of pixel values may be represented by y_(i) of lengthd where d=w×h and multiple images y_(i) (i=1, . . . , N) are composedinto training sets Y=[y₁, . . . , y_(n)]ε

^(d×N), wherein N is a positive integer greater than one. The followingdiscussion provides examples of how a dictionary D (e.g., a basis) canbe learned to represent image patches in a numerical, non-pixel domain.

In a particular embodiment, the dictionary D may be a cluster-baseddictionary. Cluster-based dictionaries may combine similar image patchesinto a fixed set of words by simple k-means or hierarchical k-means,where k is a positive integer. A dictionary D=[d₁, . . . , d_(K)]ε

^(d×K) may be produced using vectorized image patches y and may becommonly referred to as a bag of words (BoW) or bag of features (BoF)approach. An image patch y may be represented as a quantized code x thatis either a strictly assigned to a nearest neighbor, soft-weighted to anumber of neighbors, voted into a number of discrete embeddings, or evenmapped probabilistically, as illustrative, non-limiting examples. Aftereach approach, the representation may be a posterior vector(probabilistic or discrete)—or a mostly-zero vector with a few bins setto non-zero where there was a high correlation for quantization.Utilizing this vector representation, histogram-based distance metricsand kernels, such as the cosine and x², may be utilized.

In another particular embodiment, the dictionary D may be a sparse codedictionary. For a sparse code dictionary, a dictionary D=[d₁, . . . ,d_(K)]ε

^(d×K) may be learned with the sparse codes X=[x₁, . . . , x_(N)]ε

^(K×N), typically posed as the following optimization problem:

$\begin{matrix}{D^{*},{X^{*} =}} & {\underset{D,X}{\arg \; \min}{{Y - {DX}}}_{F}^{2}} \\{s.t.} & {{{x_{i}}_{p} \leq \lambda},{\forall{i \in \left\lbrack {1,N} \right\rbrack}}} \\\; & {{{d_{j}}_{2} = 1},{\forall{j \in \left\lbrack {1,K} \right\rbrack}},}\end{matrix}$

where ∥Y∥_(F) denotes the Frobenius norm defined as ∥Y∥_(F)=√{squareroot over (Σ_(i,j)|Y_(i,j)|²)}, λ is a positive constant, and theconstraint ∥x_(i)∥_(p)≦λ promotes sparsity in the coefficient vectors.The constraints ∥d_(j)∥₂=1, j=1, . . . , K, keep the columns of thedictionary (or dictionary atoms) from becoming arbitrarily large thatmay result in very small sparse codes.

After the dictionary D is learned, given a vectorized image patch y, itssparse code x can be computed by minimizing the following objectivefunction:

∥y−Dx∥ ₂ ² s.t.∥x∥ _(p)≦λ,

where ∥x∥_(p) can either be the l₀ or l₁ norm of x. For l₀ enforcement,orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is a common greedy selectionalgorithm, and l₁ typically uses the objection function expressed inleast absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) problems.

The dictionary D may enable an image processing system, such as theimage processing system 102 of FIG. 1 to detect tampering of one or moreobjects by detecting transform residual errors above a threshold Tacross all possible quality conditions within an image as determinedbased on:

${{\underset{i,c}{\arg \; \max}{{_{c}^{l} - _{c,i}^{\hat{l}}}}^{2}} > T},$

where G is the local inverse transformation for object i with semantic(e.g., object) category l from a quality condition c.

In a particular embodiment, the dictionary D may be utilized to performtransform functions that either enhance or degrade an image patchpresented by a sparse code according to:

_(c) x=x _(c)(degrade)

x=

_(c) x _(c)(enhance),

where transform

_(c) is a projection matrix that maps a non-degraded code x to a secondcode x_(c) corresponding to a degraded quality condition. Similarly, aninverse transform function

_(c) synthesizes non-degraded (enhanced) quality conditions for codes.Transforms can be computed for a single object code x or across anentire training set Y where single-object (local) transforms are denotedas

_(c) and

_(c). Single-object transforms may also be used and may be constructedusing techniques such as background models, model adaptations, or evennaive clustering.

In another particular embodiment, the dictionary D may be utilized toperform transform functions associated with latent semantic analysis(LSA). LSA is a formulation that enables a document to broken down intoits semantics as defined by its collection of words. Using thedictionary D, an image patch may be substituted for the document in theLSA formulation and the dictionary components may be substituted for thewords of the LSA formulation.

Typically, LSA assumes unsupervised (or non-labeled) samples, but thetransforms described herein may assume that different quality conditionsc are available. To accommodate this additional information, LSA may beperformed repeatedly for sets of image patches y that are grouped byobject categories or other transform methods may be utilized.

In another particular embodiment, a kernelized linear discriminantanalysis (KLDA) may be used to perform a transform. The KLDA may usenon-linear projection and may incorporate quality conditions (labels).In some embodiments, each of the above described transform techniquesmay use a similarity metric that is defined for (and/or common to) eachrepresentation.

An example of transforming an encoding may begin with an arbitrary patchi=5 of a shoe (l=1) that is encoded as x_(i=5) ^(l=1). An encoding ofthat patch with blurry quality (c=1) would be x_(i=5,c=1) ^(l=1) and isproduced by:

_(c=1) x_(i=5) ^(l=1). Similarly, a blurry (c=1) version of an arbitrarypatch i=8 of a car (l=2) is encoded as x_(i=8,c=1) ^(l=2).

An example of a local transform may begin with a blurry quality (c=1) ofan arbitrary patch i=3 of a car l=2 having an encoding is x_(i=3,c=1)^(l=2). The inverse transform learned from the training set Y may be

_(c=1). An inverse transform for the specific patch i=3 may be

_(c=1,x=3).

By generating the object quality values (e.g., the object categorymetrics 340) and populating the object category repository 338, thelearning system 302 may define one or more object based qualitydictionaries. The object category repository 338 may be provided to oneor more devices that include an image processing system, such as theimage processing system 102 of FIG. 1, to enable the image processingsystem to perform object-by-object based quality assessment of theimages. Additionally, the object category repository 338 may enable theimage processing system to perform transformation functions and toidentify tampered (e.g., altered) image data.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a particular embodiment of a system 400that is configured to communicate media content to a device. The mediacontent may include, but is not limited to, video content from a videoservice or service provider, television programming, media on-demand(e.g., video-on-demand, gaming-on-demand, etc.), pay per viewprogramming, audio programming, video game content, other content, orcombinations thereof that is streamed to the device. The media contentmay be obtained by a user device from a content provider 402 via aserver computing device 404. The server computing device 404 may beassociated with a service that provides media content to users, or theserver computing device 404 may be associated with a service providerthat provides one or more communication services to customers (e.g., aninternet service provider that provides one or more of telecommunicationservices, data services, and television programming services).

The user device may be one of a plurality of user devices associatedwith a user. The plurality of user devices may include, but is notlimited to, one or more media devices 406 coupled display devices 408,one or more computing systems 410, one or more portable computingdevices 412 (e.g., laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digitalassistants, etc.), one or more mobile communication devices 414 (e.g., amobile phone), other devices, or combinations thereof. In someembodiments, a camera device 446 may be selectively coupled to thecomputing system 410 or another device of the system 400. The cameradevice 446 may be configured to receive media content or other data fromthe content provider 402, the server computing device 404, and/or aservice provider. The number and type of user devices associated with aparticular user may vary. A media device 406 may be a set-top boxdevice, game system, or another device able to send media content to thedisplay device 408 and able to communicate via a network 416 (e.g., theinternet, a private network, or both). The media device 406 may be anintegral component of the display device 408 or a separate component.

One or more of the user devices 406-414 may receive media content, suchas streaming media content, from the network 416 via customer premisesequipment (CPE) 418. The CPE 418 may facilitate communications betweenthe network 416 and each media device 406 coupled to the CPE 418. TheCPE 418 may also facilitate communications to and from the network 416and one or more user devices (e.g., user devices 410-414) coupled by awireless connection or a wired connection to a local area network (LAN)421 established by, or accessible to, the CPE 418. The CPE 418 may be anaccess point to the network 416. The CPE 418 may include a router, awireless router, a local area network device, a modem (e.g., a digitalsubscriber line modem or a cable modem), a residential gateway, securityfeatures, another communication device, or combinations thereof. A userdevice of the user devices 406-414 (e.g., the portable computing device412 and the mobile communication device 414) may be able to receive themedia content (e.g., the streaming media content) via a mobilecommunication network 422 and the network 416 when the user device isnot in communication with the network 416 via the CPE 418 or anothernetwork access point.

Each of the user devices 406-414 (and the camera device 446) may includea processor and a memory accessible to the processor. A particularprocessor may execute instructions stored in an associated memory toperform operations. The operations may include, but are not limited to,accessing the network 416, receiving a stream of the media content, andoutputting the media content. A particular user device of the userdevices 406-414 may include an integrated camera system or an externalcamera system 424 that enables collection of data about a user or usersof media content output by the particular user device to a displaydevice coupled to the particular user device. The media device 406 mayinclude the image processing system 102 of FIG. 1. The media device 406may use the image processing system 102 to perform an image qualityassessment of images and/or video generated, stored, and/or displayed atthe media device 406 or another device coupled to the media device 406,such as the display device 408. Although the image processing system 102is illustrated as being include in the media device 406, one or more ofthe other user device 408-414, the camera device 446, the CPE 418, thecamera system 424, or the display device 408 may include or beassociated with a corresponding image processing system 102.

The system 400 may include a database 426. The database 426 may storethe object category repository 138 of FIG. 1 (and/or the object categoryrepository 338 of FIG. 3). The object category repository 138 may beaccessible to or provided to each of the user devices 406-414, the CPE418, the camera system 424, or the camera device 446. For example, themedia device 406 may access the server computing device 404 and requesta copy of at least a portion of the object category repository 138.Based on the request, the server computing device 404 may cause the copyto be provided from the database 426 to the media device 406.

The server computing device 404 may include a processor and a memoryaccessible to the processor. The memory may store data includingsettings, media content, and other information. In some embodiments, thedatabase 426 may be stored in a portion of the memory of the servercomputing device 404. The data may also include instructions executableby the processor to perform operations. The server computing device 404may include the learning system 302. The learning system 302 may beconfigured to generate and/or populate the object category repository138. Although the learning system 302 is illustrated as being includedin the server computing device 404, the learning system 302 may beincluded in another device of the system 400, such as the media device406, the computing system 410, the camera system 424, etc.

Referring to FIG. 5, a flowchart of a particular embodiment of a method500 to perform object based image processing is shown. The method 500may be performed by the image processing system 102 of FIG. 1, 3, or 4.At 502, image data corresponding to an image is received. The image datamay include or correspond to the image data 110 of FIG. 1 and/or theimage 210 of FIG. 2. For example, the image processing system 102 (e.g.,the processor 120) may receive the image data.

The method 500 includes detecting an object represented within theimage, at 504. For example, the processor 120 of FIG. 1 may beconfigured to detect the object. The method 500 includes selecting aportion of the image data that corresponds to the object, at 506, anddetermining object quality values based on the portion of the imagedata, at 508. For example, the object quality values may include orcorrespond to the object quality values 114 of FIG. 1, the first objectquality values 222, or the second object quality values 232 of FIG. 2.

The method 500 includes determining an object category corresponding tothe object, at 510. For example, the object category may include orcorrespond to the object category 112 of FIG. 1. The method 500 includesaccessing object category metrics associated with the object category,at 512. For example, the object category metrics may include orcorrespond to the object category metrics 140 of FIG. 1, the firstobject category metrics 224, or the second object category metrics 234of FIG. 2. The object category metrics may be accessed based on thedetermined object category that corresponds to the object.

The method 500 includes performing a comparison of the object qualityvalues to the object category metrics associated with the objectcategory, at 514. The comparison may be performed by the comparator 142of FIG. 1. For example, the comparison may include or correspond to thefirst comparison 226 or the second comparison 236 of FIG. 2.

The method 500 may include determining a result of the comparison, at516, and selecting an action based on the result of the comparison, at518. For example, the result may include or correspond to the result 116of FIG. 1, the first result 228, or the second result 238 of FIG. 2. Theresult may indicate whether the object quality values are associatedwith an acceptable image quality of the object.

The method 500 includes initiating the action based on the comparison,at 520. The processor 120 of the image processing system 102 mayinitiate the action to be performed at or by another device or mayinitiate the action to be performed by the processor 120. For example,the image processing system 102 may generate the action, such as theaction 118 based on the result. The method 500 may end at 522.

Various embodiments disclosed herein describe image processing systems(e.g., image processing devices) configured to perform a qualityassessment of an image on an object-by-object basis. An image processingsystem, such as the image processing system 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, maydetect and identify an object represented in an image. Based on anobject type of the identified object, known-object descriptors (e.g.,object category metrics) may be accessed and/or retrieved. Theknown-object descriptors may define one or more visual qualityattributes for objects having the identified object type. The imageprocessing device may also determine quality values (e.g., a sharpnessvalue, a blurriness value, particular quality coefficients, etc.) basedon a portion of the image data corresponding to the object. The imageprocessing device may compare the quality values (based on the portion)to the known-object descriptors (e.g., the object category metrics)associated with the object category. Based on the comparison, the imageprocessing system may make a determination as to a quality of therepresentation of the object within the image. The quality determinationcorresponding to the object may be made independent of a quality of arepresentation of another object within the image. Thus, the imageprocessing system may be configured to perform image quality assessmentof the image on an object-by-object basis for individual objectsrepresented within the image.

Referring to FIG. 6, an illustrative embodiment of a general computersystem is shown and is designated 600. The computer system 600 includesa set of instructions that can be executed to cause the computer system600 to perform any one or more of the methods or computer basedfunctions disclosed herein. The computer system 600 may operate as astandalone device or may be connected, e.g., using a network, to othercomputer systems or peripheral devices. For example, the computer system600 may include or be included within any one or more of the imageprocessing system 102, the learning system 302, the content provider402, the server computing device 404, the CPE 418, the media device 406,the display device 408, the computing system 410, the portable computingdevice 412, the mobile communication device 414, the database 426, thecamera device 446, the camera system 424 of FIG. 4, or combinationsthereof.

In a networked deployment, the computer system 600 may operate in thecapacity of a server or as a client user computer in a server-clientuser network environment, or as a peer computer system in a peer-to-peer(or distributed) network environment. The computer system 600 may alsobe implemented as or incorporated into various devices, such as apersonal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a mobile device, a palmtop computer, a laptopcomputer, a desktop computer, a communications device, a wirelesstelephone, a web appliance, or any other machine capable of executing aset of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to betaken by that machine. In a particular embodiment, the computer system600 may be implemented using electronic devices that provide video,audio, or data communication. Further, while a single computer system600 is illustrated, the term “system” shall also be taken to include anycollection of systems or sub-systems that individually or jointlyexecute a set, or multiple sets, of instructions to perform one or morecomputer functions.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, the computer system 600 may include aprocessor 602, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), or acombination thereof. Moreover, the computer system 600 may include amain memory 604 and a static memory 605, which can communicate with eachother via a bus 608. As shown, the computer system 600 may furtherinclude a video display unit 610, such as a liquid crystal display(LCD), a flat panel display, a solid state display, or a lamp assemblyof a projection system. Additionally, the computer system 600 mayinclude an input device 612, such as a keyboard, and a cursor controldevice 614, such as a mouse. The computer system 600 may also include adrive unit 616, a signal generation device 618, such as a speaker orremote control, and a network interface device 620. Some computersystems 600 may not include an input device (e.g., a server may notinclude an input device). The processor 602 may include or correspond tothe processor 120 of FIG. 1, the processor 320 of FIG. 3, or both. Thememories 604, 605 may include or correspond to the memory 130 of FIG. 1,the memory 330 of FIG. 3, or both.

In a particular embodiment, as depicted in FIG. 6, the drive unit 616may include a computer-readable storage device 622 in which one or moresets of instructions 624, e.g. software, can be embedded. As used hereinthe term “computer-readable storage device” refers to an article atmanufacture and excludes signals per se. Further, the instructions 624may embody one or more of the methods or logic as described herein. In aparticular embodiment, the instructions 624 may reside completely, or atleast partially, within the main memory 604, the static memory 606,and/or within the processor 602 during execution by the computer system600. The main memory 604 and the processor 602 also may includecomputer-readable storage devices. The instructions 624 in the driveunit 616, the main memory 604, the static memory 606, the processor 602,or combinations thereof may include the object detection module 132, theobject sample module 134, the result/action module 136 of FIG. 1, theobject detection module 332, the object sample module 334, the objectcategory metrics generation module of FIG. 3, or a combination thereof.The drive unit 616 (e.g., the computer-readable storage device 622) mayinclude or correspond to the memory 130 of FIG. 1, the memory 330 ofFIG. 3, or a combination thereof.

In an alternative embodiment, dedicated hardware implementations, suchas application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arraysand other hardware devices, may be constructed to implement one or moreof the methods described herein. Applications that may include theapparatus and systems of various embodiments may broadly include avariety of electronic and computer systems. One or more embodimentsdescribed herein may implement functions using two or more specificinterconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and datasignals that can be communicated between and through the modules, or asportions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Accordingly, thepresent system encompasses software, firmware, and hardwareimplementations.

In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, themethods described herein may be implemented by software programsexecutable by a computer system. Further, in an exemplary, non-limitingembodiment, implementations may include distributed processing,component/object distributed processing, and parallel processing.Alternatively, virtual computer system processing may be constructed toimplement one or more of the methods or functionality as describedherein.

The present disclosure includes a computer-readable storage device 622that stores instructions 624 or that receives, stores, and executesinstructions 624, so that a device connected to a network 628 maycommunicate voice, video or data over the network 628. While thecomputer-readable storage device is shown to be a single device, theterm “computer-readable storage device” includes a single device ormultiple devices, such as a centralized or distributed database, and/orassociated caches and servers that store one or more sets ofinstructions. The term “computer-readable storage device” shall alsoinclude any device that is capable of storing a set of instructions forexecution by a processor or that cause a computer system to perform anyone or more of the methods or operations disclosed herein.

In a particular non-limiting, exemplary embodiment, thecomputer-readable storage device can include a solid-state memory suchas a memory card or other package that houses one or more non-volatileread-only memories. Further, the computer-readable storage device can bea random access memory or other volatile re-writable memory.Additionally, the computer-readable storage device can include amagneto-optical or optical medium, such as a disk or tapes or otherstorage device. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include anyone or more of a computer-readable storage device and successor devices,in which data or instructions may be stored.

It should also be noted that software that implements the disclosedmethods may optionally be stored on a computer-readable storage device,such as: a magnetic medium, such as a disk or tape; a magneto-optical oroptical medium, such as a disk; or a solid state medium, such as amemory card or other package that houses one or more read-only(non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable(volatile) memories.

Although the present specification describes components and functionsthat may be implemented in particular embodiments with reference toparticular standards and protocols, the disclosed embodiments are notlimited to such standards and protocols. Such standards are periodicallysuperseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentiallythe same functions. Accordingly, replacement standards and protocolshaving the same or similar functions as those disclosed herein areconsidered equivalents thereof.

The illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended toprovide a general understanding of the structure of the variousembodiments. The illustrations are not intended to serve as a completedescription of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systemsthat utilize the structures or methods described herein. Many otherembodiments may be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewingthe disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived from thedisclosure, such that structural and logical substitutions and changesmay be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure.Accordingly, the disclosure and the figures are to be regarded asillustrative rather than restrictive.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and describedherein, it should be appreciated that any subsequent arrangementdesigned to achieve the same or similar purpose may be substituted forthe specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover anyand all subsequent adaptations or variations of various embodiments.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided with the understanding thatit will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of theclaims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, variousfeatures may be grouped together or described in a single embodiment forthe purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This disclosure is not to beinterpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodimentsrequire more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather,as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter may bedirected to less than all of the features of any of the disclosedembodiments. Thus, the following claims are incorporated into theDetailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as definingseparately claimed subject matter.

The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, andnot restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all suchmodifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall withinthe scope of the present disclosure. Thus, to the maximum extent allowedby law, the scope of the present disclosure is to be determined by thebroadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and theirequivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoingdetailed description.

1. A method comprising: receiving, at an image processing device, imagedata corresponding to an image; detecting an object represented withinthe image; selecting a portion of the image data that corresponds to theobject; determining object quality values based on the portion of theimage data; determining an object category corresponding to the object;accessing object category metrics associated with the object category;performing a comparison of the object quality values to the objectcategory metrics associated with the object category; and initiating afirst action based on the comparison, wherein the first action isassociated with modifying parameters associated with image processingbased on the comparison, and wherein the parameters associated withimage processing include an image resolution parameter, a frame rateparameter, an encoding parameter, a bandwidth parameter, a bitrateparameter, an image capture device mode parameter, or a combinationthereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first action isassociated with providing a notification based on a result of thecomparison.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the notification indicatesthat the image data is altered.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising initiating a second action to modify values associated withthe portion of the image data based on the comparison to generatemodified values.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising outputtingsecond image data, wherein the second image data is based on themodified values associated with the portion.
 6. The method of claim 4,wherein the second action is associated with providing a notificationbased on a result of the comparison.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereinthe notification indicates that the image data was previously altered.8. The method of claim 1, wherein the object category metrics include asharpness metric, a blurriness metric, a low-lighting metric, a texturemetric, a color metric, or a combination thereof.
 9. A systemcomprising: a processor; and a memory accessible to the processor, thememory comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor,cause the processor to perform operations comprising: receiving imagedata corresponding to an image; detecting an object represented withinthe image; selecting a portion of the image data that corresponds to theobject; determining object quality values based on the portion of theimage data; determining an object category corresponding to the object;accessing object category metrics associated with the object category;performing a comparison of the object quality values to the objectcategory metrics associated with the object category; and initiating afirst action based on the comparison, wherein the action is associatedwith modifying parameters associated with image processing based on thecomparison, and wherein the parameters associated with image processinginclude an image resolution parameter, a frame rate parameter, anencoding parameter, a bandwidth parameter, a bitrate parameter, an imagecapture device mode parameter, or a combination thereof.
 10. The systemof claim 9, wherein the operations comprise initiating a second actionbased on the comparison, the second action including modifyingparameters associated with image processing based on the comparison,providing a notification based on a result of the comparison, or both.11. The system of claim 9, wherein the processor and the memory areincluded in a mobile device.
 12. The system of claim 9, wherein theprocessor and the memory are included in a media device.
 13. Acomputer-readable storage device storing instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to perform operationscomprising: receiving image data corresponding to an image; detecting anobject represented within the image; selecting a portion of the imagedata that corresponds to the object; determining object quality valuesbased on the portion of the image data; determining an object categorycorresponding to the object; accessing object category metricsassociated with the object category; performing a comparison of theobject quality values to the object category metrics associated with theobject category; and initiating a first action based on the comparison,wherein the action is associated with modifying parameters associatedwith image processing based on the comparison, and wherein theparameters associated with image processing include an image resolutionparameter, a frame rate parameter, an encoding parameter, a bandwidthparameter, a bitrate parameter, an image capture device mode parameter,or a combination thereof.
 14. The computer-readable storage device ofclaim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: determining a resultof the comparison; and selecting the first action from a plurality ofactions based on the result of the comparison.
 15. The computer-readablestorage device of claim 13, wherein the first action is associated withproviding a notification based on a result of the comparison.
 16. Thecomputer-readable storage device of claim 15, wherein the notificationindicates that the image data is altered.
 17. The computer-readablestorage device of claim 13, wherein the operations further compriseinitiating a second action to modify values associated with the portionof the image data based on the comparison to generate modified values.18. The computer-readable storage device of claim 17, wherein theoperations further comprise: selecting a second portion of the imagedata that corresponds to a second object; determining second objectquality values based on the second portion of the image data; accessingsecond object category metrics associated with a second object categorythat corresponds to the second object; performing a second comparison ofthe second object quality values to the second object category metricsassociated with the second object category; and modifying second valuesassociated with the second portion of the image data based on the secondcomparison to generate modified second values.
 19. The computer-readablestorage device of claim 18, wherein the operations further compriseoutputting second image data, wherein the second image data is based onthe modified values associated with the portion and the modified secondvalues associated with the second portion.
 20. The computer-readablestorage device of claim 17, wherein the operations further comprise:selecting a second portion of the image data that corresponds to asecond object; determining second object quality values based on thesecond portion of the image data; accessing second object categorymetrics associated with a second object category that corresponds to thesecond object; performing a second comparison of the second objectquality values to the second object category metrics associated with thesecond object category; and providing a notification based on a resultof the second comparison.